Periodontium: What It Is and How It Relates to the Periodontium

The periodontium is one of the components of the periodontium, the complex of tissues surrounding the tooth and holding it in the alveolus. This article explains how the periodontium relates to the periodontium and which diseases of the tissues around the tooth occur: from bleeding and swollen gums to periodontitis and cysts.

What the periodontium is and where it is located

The periodontium is part of the complex of tissues surrounding the tooth and holding it in the alveolus. This complex, the periodontium, consists of the gums, periodontium, tooth cementum, periosteum, and alveolar processes: they share a common origin and common functions, and together they form the supporting and retaining apparatus of the tooth. The tissues of the periodontium are supplied with arterial blood by the maxillary artery, a branch of the external carotid artery; they are innervated by the middle and inferior branches of the trigeminal nerve.

How the periodontium differs from the periodontium

The difference lies in the scope of the concepts. The periodontium is the entire complex of tissues around the tooth, including the gum and bone; the periodontium is one of its components. The terms developed with difficulty: the complex of tissues around the tooth was first proposed to be called "amphodont" (N. I. Nesmeyanov, 1905), and the familiar "periodontium" appeared in 1908 thanks to Wesner.

Diseases treated by periodontics

Periodontics treats diseases of the alveolar bone and pericementum, including periodontitis, periodontosis, gingivitis, and various cysts. Gum diseases are associated with the accumulation of dental plaque: if it is not removed by brushing and cleaning the spaces between the teeth, it accumulates and irritates the gums. The diagnosis and scope of care are determined by the dentist after examination.

Symptoms of gum diseases

In gum diseases, complaints are described as follows:

• gums bleed when brushing, when using floss, and when eating hard food, such as apples;
• gums look swollen, red, and painful;
• there is bad breath and an unpleasant taste;
• gums shrink in volume, teeth become mobile or fall out;
• a dental abscess forms.

In a child, the same signs — painful and bleeding gums — are a reason to show him to the dentist.

How it is diagnosed and when to see a dentist

Diagnosis begins with an examination: the doctor checks the teeth and gums and, if necessary, refers to a specialist for additional tests. It makes sense to book an appointment for bleeding gums during brushing or eating, for pain and swelling, and for persistent bad breath. An urgent appointment is needed if, against the background of gum problems, very severe pain and swelling, mobility or loss of teeth, ulcers and red spots in the mouth, or a lump in the mouth or on the lip appear. A routine visit is also needed without complaints: if there has been no examination for two years, and for a child under 18 years — for a year, this is a reason to come.

Diseases of the tissues around the tooth are not in themselves a reason to call an ambulance; 103/112 — if the condition is life-threatening, for example if a stroke or heart attack is suspected or after a severe injury. For bleeding and swelling of the gums, see a dentist.

The material is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation: the decision on any actions remains with you and your dentist.

This content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation. Medical disclaimer