Surgery covers conditions that may need an operation: appendicitis, abdominal hernia, gallstones and hemorrhoids, plus how to prepare for planned surgery. We explain which signs make belly pain an emergency and what to expect before and after an operation. The content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's examination.
Appendicitis starts with pain near the navel that shifts to the lower right over a few hours. We explain how the pain changes, what atypical cases look like, and why delay is dangerous.
What an abdominal hernia is, what types exist, why a bulge occurs, how to recognize strangulation, and what examinations the doctor performs.
What happens before a planned procedure, on the day of surgery, and in the first hours afterward: examinations, general anesthesia, side effects, and warning signs that require calling 103.
Gallstones often cause no symptoms, but a blocked duct causes colic. We explain the mechanism, complications, diagnosis, and warning signs.
Hemorrhoids are cushions inside and around the anus. We explain the mechanism, risk factors, and symptoms, and why blood after a bowel movement requires a doctor's examination.