Spinal Curvature: Scoliosis, Types, Degrees and Signs

Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine twists and deviates to the side. It occurs in people of any age, but most often begins in children aged 10–15. In most cases it is not a sign of anything serious, and treatment is not always needed.

What spinal curvature and scoliosis are

The spine works as a system of levers and hinges: load is transmitted vertically, and the vertebrae are held by muscles and ligaments. In scoliosis this axis shifts sideways, and the vertebrae additionally rotate around their own axis — this is a three-plane deformity, not just a "crooked back". In about 8 out of 10 cases no cause can be found — such scoliosis is called idiopathic. It is not related to poor posture, exercise or nutrition, but it can be inherited. Less common are congenital scoliosis (vertebrae formed incorrectly in the womb), neuromuscular (against a background of cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy) and degenerative — wear of the spine in older people.

Types of scoliosis: by shape and location

By the shape of the curvature, C-shaped scoliosis with one curve, S-shaped with two curves and Z-shaped with three are distinguished. By location, thoracic (thoracic region only), lumbar (lumbar region only), thoracolumbar (at the transition) and combined scoliosis are distinguished.

Degrees of spinal curvature and what degree 3 means

The magnitude of the deformity is measured on a standing full-spine X-ray — the angle is called the Cobb angle. The first degree is 5–10 degrees, the second 11–25, the third 26–50, the fourth more than 50. The third degree of spinal curvature means a curve of 26 to 50 degrees. Treatment depends on age, further growth and the size of the curve.

Signs of spinal curvature

External signs that are noticed first: visible curvature of the back, leaning to one side, uneven shoulders, a protruding shoulder or hip, a rib sticking out on one side, clothes sitting unevenly.

Back pain in scoliosis

Scoliosis itself rarely causes pronounced pain and usually does not lead to other health problems. Some people have back pain, more often adults.

How scoliosis is diagnosed and when to see a doctor

The doctor takes a medical history and family history, examines the back, uses the forward bend test (Adams test) and, if suspected, refers for an X-ray to measure the curve angle. If you have noticed a curved posture in yourself or your child — see a doctor: most likely there is nothing serious, but it is worth getting checked. With a confirmed diagnosis, the specialist discusses observation, a brace or, in a small number of cases, surgery.

• Visible curvature of the spine and leaning to one side
• Uneven shoulders or hips, a rib protruding on one side
• Clothes sitting unevenly
• Back pain, especially in adults

Spinal curvature by itself is not a reason to call an ambulance; 103 or 112 — if there is loss of consciousness, difficulty breathing, severe bleeding or suspected severe injury.

This material is for reference: it explains what a scoliosis report means, but does not replace a doctor's consultation — the decision on observation and examinations is made by a specialist.

This content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation. Medical disclaimer