You received a blood chemistry report, and there is a line for "total protein" with a number and no explanation. Below is what this value is, why it is checked, and which values are considered normal.
What total protein is and what it consists of
Total protein is the combined amount of two classes of proteins in the liquid part of the blood. These are albumin and globulins. Proteins are an important part of all cells and tissues.
Albumin keeps fluid from leaking out of the vessels and carries chemical substances. Globulins are part of the immune system. About 100 different proteins circulate in plasma. Albumins provide more than 80% of oncotic pressure — the ability of proteins to hold water within the vascular bed.
Why a blood protein test is ordered
The total protein test is often part of checking liver and kidney function. It is ordered when problems with nutrition, liver disease, or kidney disease are suspected.
If the result is outside the normal range, the doctor may order additional tests. The goal is to find the exact cause. Results are usually ready within a few days, sometimes within a couple of weeks; if you have not received an answer, contact your doctor or nurse.
Normal total protein ranges and what they depend on
The usual range is 6.5–8.1 g/dL, or 65–81 g/L. Normal values may differ slightly between laboratories.
Total protein may be elevated during pregnancy. Many medications also affect test results.
Ask your doctor what your specific numbers mean. Laboratories sometimes use other units of measurement.
Protein fractions: albumins and globulins
In electrophoresis, proteins are divided into five fractions: albumins, α1-, α2-, β-, and γ-globulins. Most plasma proteins are synthesized in liver cells.
The exception is immunoglobulins, which are produced by immune system cells. Acute and chronic inflammation, as well as tumors, change the normal ratio of fractions. When tissues are damaged, cytokines increase the production of acute-phase proteins, which include C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, and fibrinogen.
- Albumins hold water in the vessels and carry fatty acids, bilirubin, and medications.
- Alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulins participate in the transport of substances.
- Beta-globulins include transferrin and complement component C3.
- Gamma-globulins contain immune system antibodies.
Why total protein can be low or high
An increase occurs in chronic inflammation or infection, including HIV and hepatitis B and C. Multiple myeloma and Waldenström's disease are also cited among the causes.
A decrease occurs with bleeding, extensive burns, liver and kidney disease, and impaired absorption. This list includes malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, agammaglobulinemia, and protein loss through the intestines.
When plasma protein decreases, edema develops. Water is no longer retained in the vessels and moves into the tissues.
When abnormal results require a doctor's consultation
Any deviation from the normal range is a reason to discuss the result with a doctor. The doctor will assess the whole picture, not just one number.
Test results can be complex. If you do not understand the report, ask a healthcare professional to explain it. If you have questions about the result, talk to your doctor — they will explain what to do next.
An abnormal protein level on its own is not a reason to call an ambulance; 103/112 — for life-threatening conditions, such as signs of stroke or heart attack.
This material is for reference: it helps you understand the report but does not replace a doctor's consultation.
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This content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation. Medical disclaimer