X-ray of joints and bones: what it shows and how it is performed

X-ray is a painless examination that passes a small amount of radiation through the body and creates an image of bones and organs. Bones absorb radiation most strongly and appear white, fat and soft tissues appear gray, and air appears black. It is most often used to check bones for a fracture after an accident.

What an X-ray is and what it shows

Radiography remains the main method for diagnosing lesions of the musculoskeletal system. An image is a summation, averaged image of all tissues along the path of the beam, so on film or a screen the shadow of the bone and surrounding structures is visible. It is also prescribed when infection or another condition is suspected. The method helps clarify the shape and position of an organ, but it does not replace more detailed studies such as computed tomography when detailed pictures of internal structures are needed.

X-ray of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints, and hand

X-rays of the shoulder and elbow joints are performed for injuries, pain, and limited movement: the image will show the contours of the bones and articular surfaces. X-rays of the wrist joint and hand help identify fractures, dislocations, as well as infectious and tumor changes of the peripheral skeleton. Historically, it was the image of the hand that became the first medical image of the bone skeleton obtained during life.

X-ray of the hip joints and femur

X-ray of the hip joints (coxography) is used for coxarthrosis and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head.

X-ray of the knee and ankle joints, and heel

Knee X-ray (gonography) is prescribed for gonarthrosis. X-ray of the ankle and heel refers to studies of the peripheral skeleton: this is how fractures, dislocations, infectious and tumor changes are checked.

X-ray of the scapula, clavicle, and acromioclavicular joint

X-ray of the scapula, clavicle, and acromioclavicular joint refers to studies of the peripheral skeleton: this is how fractures, dislocations, infectious and tumor changes are checked.

How the examination is performed and limitations of the method

Most X-rays are performed in a hospital, and the image takes a few minutes. You may be asked to remove jewelry, clothing with metal, a bra, or hairpins, and sometimes to wear a protective apron. During the image you need to stay still for a few seconds: you will not feel pain. After the procedure, you can usually return to your usual activities immediately, and a doctor will explain the results. The method is of little use for the early stages of viral pneumonias. With many images there is a very small risk from radiation, so the doctor assesses the risks in advance.

• Tell them if you are pregnant or may be pregnant.
• Tell them about the medications you take and allergies, especially to contrast.
• Clarify when and where you will receive the results.

An X-ray referral by itself is not a reason to call an ambulance. Call 103 or 112 for a life-threatening condition, for example after a serious accident, or with signs of stroke or heart attack.

This material is for reference: it explains what an image shows, but it does not replace consultation with a doctor, who will assess your situation and decide which examinations are needed.

This content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation. Medical disclaimer