Carcinomatosis: what it is, types, and how it is detected

The word "carcinomatosis" in an examination report often causes fear. It means that tumor cells have spread along serous membranes or the parenchyma of organs, forming multiple metastases. Let us explain what this is, how it differs from ordinary metastases, and how it is detected.

What carcinomatosis is and how it differs from carcinomatosis

In the medical literature, the terms "carcinomatosis" and "carcinomatosis" are often used as synonyms. They describe multiple metastases in serous membranes (for example, the peritoneum, pleura) or in the parenchyma of organs that have arisen because of a malignant tumor in the body. Thus, both terms denote the same condition — the spread of cancer along serous coverings or the tissues of an organ.

How carcinomatosis differs from ordinary metastases

Carcinomatosis is multiple metastases in serous membranes or the parenchyma of organs. When serous membranes are affected, abundant effusion into the corresponding cavity is usually observed. Intraoperatively, such involvement looks like millet-like inclusions in the serous membrane, which may merge and form larger tumors. At the same time, a metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the site of origin to other parts of the body, and a metastasis has the same cellular features as the primary tumor, not as the tissue where it is found.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis: what it is

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (carcinomatosis of the peritoneum) is the spread of tumor cells throughout the abdominal cavity. It can occur via the bloodstream and lymphatic flow. This process is characteristic of many types of cancer of the digestive system (stomach, colon, and rectum), but most often of ovarian cancer. In carcinomatosis of serous membranes, effusion into the abdominal cavity is usually observed.

What symptoms are possible

Carcinomatosis may cause no symptoms. When they appear, their nature depends on the location and size of the metastatic foci. The following are possible:

• pain and fractures when bones are affected;
• headache, seizures, or dizziness with metastases to the brain;
• shortness of breath when the lungs are affected;
• jaundice or abdominal bloating with metastases to the liver;
• abundant effusion into the abdominal or pleural cavity in carcinomatosis of serous membranes.

How carcinomatosis is detected and when an oncologist consultation is needed

Diagnosis of carcinomatosis includes taking a history, physical examination, imaging methods (including computed tomography), and laboratory tests. To confirm the nature of the involvement, a biopsy may be required — taking tissue for microscopic examination. There is no single test for diagnosing cancer: the scope of examination depends on the symptoms, and the doctor may order blood tests, imaging studies, and a biopsy. If carcinomatosis is suspected or if the listed symptoms appear, an oncologist consultation is necessary. The doctor will determine the examination plan and further approach.

Carcinomatosis itself is not a reason to call an ambulance; 103/112 — in a life-threatening condition, for example with sudden severe shortness of breath or loss of consciousness, or if you are not sure whether an ambulance is needed — call 103/112 and describe the symptoms.

This material is for reference purposes and does not replace consultation with a doctor. If you have any questions about your health, consult a specialist.

This content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation. Medical disclaimer