Ovarian Dermoid Cyst: What It Is, Types, and Diagnosis

You received an ultrasound report that says "ovarian dermoid cyst," and now you're looking for a clear explanation without frightening terms. This is a benign formation. Below is what is known about this type of cyst and how diagnosis is approached.

What is an ovarian dermoid cyst

A dermoid cyst, or dermoid, is a benign tumor, a teratoma in the form of a cyst that develops due to disturbances in blastogenesis and embryogenesis. In other words, it is a cystic teratoma of the ovary. Ovarian cysts in general are fluid-filled sacs that are very common and usually cause no symptoms; most arise naturally and resolve within a few months.

How a dermoid differs from other cysts

The main types of ovarian cysts are functional and pathological. Functional cysts are related to the menstrual cycle, usually harmless and short-lived. The vast majority of ovarian cysts are benign, only a small proportion are malignant; malignant ones are more common after menopause. Sometimes cysts are associated with a concomitant condition, such as endometriosis.

Where cystic teratoma comes from

A dermoid develops due to disturbances in blastogenesis and embryogenesis. Sometimes its appearance is linked to trauma.

Symptoms and incidental findings

A cyst usually makes itself known only if it ruptures, becomes very large, or twists, cutting off blood supply to the ovary. Then possible symptoms include pelvic pain—from dull and heavy to sudden sharp, pain during sex, difficulty with bowel movements, frequent urge to urinate, heavy, irregular, or lighter periods, bloating and an enlarged abdomen, a feeling of fullness after a small portion of food, difficulty conceiving (although fertility is usually not affected). Often the cyst is found incidentally—during an examination or ultrasound, without any complaints.

How a dermoid cyst is diagnosed

Usually an ultrasound is ordered, including transvaginal. If a cyst is detected, a repeat ultrasound after a few weeks or a gynecologist consultation may be needed. If malignancy is suspected, the doctor orders blood tests for substances whose levels may indicate ovarian cancer—but their elevation can also occur in benign conditions: endometriosis, pelvic infection, fibroids, during menstruation.

• Pelvic ultrasound, including transvaginal
• Repeat ultrasound over time after a few weeks
• Gynecologist consultation
• Blood tests if malignancy is suspected

Possible complications and when to see a doctor

If the cyst has ruptured or caused bleeding, emergency medical care is needed. A routine visit to the doctor is advised for any symptoms of an ovarian cyst. Management is determined by the size and type of formation, presence of complaints, and whether menopause has occurred; for large, symptomatic, or potentially malignant cysts, surgery is discussed. Make the final decision together with your gynecologist.

By itself, this formation is not a reason to call an ambulance. Call 103 or 112 if pelvic pain is sudden and sharp or abdominal pain is accompanied by nausea or vomiting.

This material is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation.

This content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation. Medical disclaimer