Allergic rhinitis: types, causes, and why it occurs seasonally

A runny nose that returns every spring or persists year-round is a common reason for questions. Let's break down the types of rhinitis, how they differ, and which allergens usually underlie allergic rhinitis.

Types of rhinitis: types and how they differ

Allergic rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by an allergic reaction. It is also called hay fever: it is based on immediate-type allergic reactions. It differs from non-allergic rhinitis, which can result from a cold, very hot or cold air, and humidity. Symptoms resemble a cold: sneezing, nasal itching, congestion or discharge, itchy and red eyes, cough, and itching of the palate. They usually appear within a few minutes after contact with the allergen. According to the ARIA classification, allergic rhinitis is divided into intermittent (up to 4 days per week and up to 4 weeks per year) and persistent (more than 4 days per week and more than 4 weeks per year).

Allergic rhinitis: seasonal and year-round

Seasonal rhinitis is associated with a seasonal increase in allergens in the environment—for example, during plant flowering. Year-round rhinitis occurs when the allergen is constantly present: animal dander, house dust, and similar factors. Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds is released into the air in spring, summer, and autumn, so seasonal rhinitis can be bothersome during the warm season.

What causes allergic runny nose: main allergens

The risk of allergy is higher if relatives have allergy, eczema, or asthma.

• pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds;
• dust mites and house dust;
• animal dander and fur;
• mold;
• wood and flour dust, latex.

In addition to pollen and dust, allergens include mold spores and rubber crumbs from car tires near roads.

What can trigger exacerbations: cold, odors, dust, pollen

Exacerbations can be triggered by strong odors and cold air. Reactions to very cold or hot temperatures and humidity are classified as non-allergic rhinitis. Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds is released in spring, summer, and autumn, so symptoms of seasonal rhinitis usually worsen during these seasons.

When to see a doctor

A doctor can make a diagnosis based on examination and symptoms; sometimes skin or blood tests are performed. The diagnosis is established after rhinoscopy and allergological examination: skin tests, blood tests for specific IgE, determination of total IgE and eosinophils, and cytological examination of nasal secretions are used. You should seek medical attention if symptoms worsen, if there is asthma and it deteriorates, if the runny nose interferes with sleep and daily life, if it is unclear what causes the symptoms, and if pharmacy remedies do not help. If the cause of symptoms is unclear or the course is severe, the doctor may refer you to a specialist for additional examinations.

Allergic rhinitis by itself is not a reason to call an ambulance. Call 103 or 112 if a person has difficulty breathing against the background of allergy.

This material is for reference: it helps to understand the types of rhinitis but does not replace a doctor's consultation.

This content is for reference and does not replace a doctor's consultation. Medical disclaimer